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Vol. 27, Art. 16 (pp. 372-407)    |    2026       

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Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor: biological properties, pharmacological effects and clinical potential.

Raguzina D.V.1, Ganapolsky V.P.1,2, Tapilskaya N.I.3,4, Ryzhov J.R.3, Pudov S. Yu.1, Glushakov R.I.3,4,5

1 - Military Medical Academy named after S.M. Kirov of the Ministry of defense of Russian Federation; Akademika Lebedeva str. 6, St. Petersburg, 192242, Russian Federation;
Military medical academy n.a. S.M. Kirov, Russian Federation
2 - North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov, Russian Federation
3 - The Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductology named after D.O. Ott; Mendeleyevskaya line 3, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russian Federation;
4 - St. Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation; Litovskaya st. 2, St. Petersburg, 194100, Russian Federation;
5 - Institute of Experimental Medicine;, Russian Federation.

Brief summary

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates inflammatory responses and plays a key role in hematopoiesis. It is synthesized by various cell populations and stimulates the proliferation, differentiation, and regeneration of granulocyte cells, as well as affecting other cells of the immune system, including T cells. The G-CSF receptor is expressed on many myeloid cells, endothelial cells, and lymphoid cells. The clinical application of G-CSF covers a wide range of pathologies. In oncology, it is used to prevent and treat chemotherapy-induced neutropenia and has been shown to be effective in reducing the risk of neutropenic sepsis. In reproductive medicine, G-CSF has been shown to improve embryo implantation rates and IVF success rates by modulating the immune response in the endometrium. G-CSF also shows significant therapeutic potential in liver diseases such as alcoholic cirrhosis and acute chronic liver failure. Its use increases patient survival, improves liver function, and stimulates tissue regeneration. G-CSF is successfully used in the treatment of diabetic ulcers and traumatic injuries to muscles and the nervous system. Despite the existing commercial forms of G-CSF, its biological potential has not yet been fully explored. This cytokine remains a promising subject for further research, especially in the context of developing new therapeutic strategies for treating various diseases associated with tissue regeneration disorders and immune dysfunction.


Key words

granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), neutrophils, stimulation of regeneration; embryo implantation; hepatoprotector; neuroprotection.

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